Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity by C. R. Whittaker;Peter Garnsey;

Author:C. R. Whittaker;Peter Garnsey;
Language: eng
Format: epub, pdf
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Publisher: Casemate Publishers & Book Distributors, LLC

NOTES

1. I make no attempt to provide a full bibliography for the matters treated in this paper, and I leave aside completely literature from other historical periods. The following books are particularly to be recommended: D. van Berchem, Les distributions de blé et d’argent à la plèbe romaine sous l’empire (1939); P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C. – A.D. 74(1971), esp. 376ff., 703ff.; A. Cameron, Bread and Cireuses: the Roman Emperor and his People (1974); H. Pavis d’Escurac, La prefecture de l’annone: service administratif impérial d’Auguste à Constantin (1976); K. S. Gapp, Famine in the Roman World from the founding of Rome to the time of Trajan, Ph.D. Thesis Princeton, 1934; A. R. Hands, Charities and Social Aid in Greece and Rome (1968); R. MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order (1966), App. A; J. R. Rea, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol. 40 (1973); G. E. Rickman, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (1980); H. Schneider, Wirtschaft und Politik: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der späten römischen Republik (1974); P. Veyne, Le pain et le cirque (1976).

For the late Empire, which I largely omit, see A. Cameron, Circus Factions (1976); J.-M. Carrié, ‘Les distributions alimentaires dans les cités de l’empire romain tardif, MEFR 87 (1975), 995-1101; A. H. M. Jones, Later Roman Empire (1966) 695ff.; H. P. Kohns, Versorgungskrisen und Hungerrevolten im spätantiken Rom (1961); L. Ruggini, Economia e società nell’Italia annonaria (1961); E. Tengstrom, Bread for the People, Studies of the corn-supply of Rome during the late Empire (1974).

2. T. Shanin, ‘The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy’, Jl. Peas. Stud. 1 (1973) 63-80.

3. The only detailed account is by Gapp (n. 1) and regrettably unpublished. While limited in scope and objectives (and quite inadequate as a study of the Roman world, as distinct from the city of Rome), this is a sound, scholarly work, and has influenced the writing of this paper.

4. I pass over here the special problems posed by the accounts of early Rome. Those early food crises did occur (cf. Cato, Origines fr. 77 P) even if the detailed narratives are unreliable.

5. The last two topics are given broad treatment in P. Garnsey, ‘Response of government and people to food crisis in the cities of the ancient Mediterranean (500 B.C. – A.D. 600)’, Famine in History Symposium, Vevey, July 1981.

6. Plut. Pomp. 26.2, Cic. de lege Man. 44; de domo 1-32, Att. 4.1, Dio 39.9, Plut. Pomp. 49.4-50.2; etc.

7. The existence of the (?Augustan) lex Iulia de annona, known only from the Digest (48.4), need not have been decisive in this connection. There is no evidence that it was ever enforced.

8. H. Pavis d’Escurac (n. 1) 260ff. argues for regular intervention in the market by the prefect of the corn-supply.

9. After describing the measures, Dio makes brief mention of the distress caused by the food crisis, new taxes and fire, and of open discussion of revolution – but not of riot.

10. A good brief discussion in Cameron, Bread and Circuses (n. 1).

11. Suet. Claud. 18.3-4, 19; Gaius, Inst.

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